Investment In Silver ? Gold Investing Advice in Pittsburgh | FINANCE ...

Another downside of purchasing gold is the fact this could cause an increase in expenses related to the storage of the said gold. Unfortunately, you will find usually no dividends that will accrue to be able to carter because of this cost of storage.
One more thing that is important when you don?t have much experience is discovering the right sellers. The right seller could be the the one that will sell you silver at spot plus a reasonable fee. Needless to say, you don?t expect these phones give you their silver free of charge, or to sell it to you at spot price, as if they did they wouldn?t make money.

Generally, the low risk assets are generally low returns assets. Which means you should not expect to get extra rich through buying gold. The essence of most gold investors is just to keep their wealth in type of assets which will beat inflation.

Now, you may ask that think about purchasing silver? Is silver as precious as gold, or possibly it just a secondary option in terms of value? Relax, and consider this; much like gold, silver has additionally been used as a safe investment option and also the metal too was able to withstand through economic turmoil through out the ages. Silver too is bought in varied forms like silver bars, silver utensils, silver jewelry, silver coins, and silver gift boxes.
You will find several information about how you can buy gold, invest in gold etc, however there might be almost no guides on ways for you to invest in silver. Now you have to know that silver may be the other precious metal besides gold. So if you get the gold price soaring, possibly the buying cost of silver investment will likely stick to the identical direction too.
For individuals that are retired or are searching for any firm source to purchase must stay updated to gold news. This helps them in making a sensible decision and enable them to earn easily. There are many benefits which can be associated directly with the gold investment.
There are some very knowledgeable people running YouTube channels that are experts in search engine optimization and therefore are available and happy to share their knowledge. Make sure you use that to your benefit watching their videos, respond to their videos and ask them questions. Give them all of the give you support can in order that they have reason to be there for you.

No matter which item/s you are investing in, there are many benefits you can reap as a result. The most important that is purchasing the long run. Economy related predictions do not have complete accuracy as the most progressive nations had experienced economic decline these recent years. You will need to have something stable and secure to place your future in a great financial state.
Gold investing will probably be the sole investing in a short while. Wait only a minute, you exclaim! What on earth are you currently referring to? How could gold investing be the only investing? That produces no for good business! Well, the reply to that question might appear to be it does not originate from our planet, and that is partly correct. The world to be sure it is about to change and gold investing is going to become the only investing!

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Source: http://finance-web-guide.com/?p=126428

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A Competent Technique To Quit Drinking | aaaservice-scalese.com ...

February 26, 2012 by steve

Self assist to avoid sipping can be an effective way to get absolved from this addiction. On the other hand, home conclusion stimulates self help to quit sipping. In spite of participating helpful and awareness software programs and pairing it with physical and mental workouts, lots of people confront a challenging period of time in quitting tobacco this lousy addiction. Consuming is affecting the individuality of a man or woman in lots of ways. In contrast, sticking to specific self help software programs can definitely keep individuals faraway from sipping.

Firm willpower ? Vulnerable intellect ends up with bad habits. Men and women are equipped for tough predicaments, but lazy imagination get succumbed to alcohol or drugs maltreatment. Corporation willpower would be the primary answer to self help to quit sipping to your great extent. On the other hand, adopting the counselor?s directives regularly will clearly put an end to sipping slowly but surely and help with the self help software. Several download bearshare gatherings with therapist enhance the quality of willpower.

Meeting a therapist ? Men and women keen to quit sipping are mainly designed for can not recognize where and how initially. In this situation it is appropriate to experience a ending up in a therapist. They can help in going over the dependency difficulty make certain rest. This step is vital and industry experts can supply alternatives and suggestions to convey adieu to sipping. Anyhow, the self help suggestions if put into practice consistently and carefully may well offer an improvement in conquering the dependency of consuming alcohol.

Entertaining your brain ? The most efficient ways of quitting tobacco a addiction is by entertaining your brain in a few other hobby that absolutely foliage no area and time and energy to get diverted towards sipping. Selfhelp to quit sipping is really a established react, but at first sets off sipping at each and every react. Therefore, entertaining and trying to keep involved yourself by involving in sporting events download firefox and other voluntary expert services assists in investing time correctly. These engagements never let time and energy to promote routines such as sipping. Furthermore, the resolution of adopting the self help tips improves the a sense of responsibility in a way that alcoholic beverages is left driving unknowingly.

Practice introspection and yoga exercise ? Deep breathing and yoga exercise options work well cures for many people mental and physical ailments. Making plans towards self help to quit sipping is definitely an good results and improving the mind and body to pass through pressure, shows business willpower. Deep breathing really encourages power of your brain on handy issues such as to quit sipping and keeps your brain confident. Alternatively, yoga exercise helps in eliminating waste on the system as well as breathing in workouts brings handle. Botox injections is generally accepted approach since it has great results. Guarantee photoshop traversing to a specialized to acquire exercising to apply introspection and yoga exercise to guide your self enable software.

Assisting and endorsing home-problems regarding quitting tobacco alcoholic beverages involves knowing of side effects on account of sipping. Selfhelp to quit sipping needs to be made it simpler for together with the tips of industry experts in promoting home conclusion by beginning the aftermaths. Keeping away from so used individuals is themselves an good results towards quitting tobacco the dependency. Nearly anything provoking sipping needs to be maintained for a long way and awareness towards avoid sipping will help in ridding yourself of this fatal addiction.

Comprehending the belief that greater than any other assess, it?s the self help conduct that should maintain a check up on the undesired functions. Attempting these pointers will probably be of great guidance in self help to quit sipping and also to make living peaceful. This variation will need to increase human eye your lifetime.

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How to Backup Xbox 360 console Game - Game Backup Wizard ...

If you really find this article helpful Give it a PLUS from below and help us to spread it.

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Need Office Space: in a beautiful building with other recreation ...

Posted: February 25, 2012 | Author: Jim Moss | Filed under: Uncategorized | Tags: #AAC, #CMC, American Alpine Club, American Mountaineering Center, Climbing, Colorado Mountain Club, Office Space |

Tim and Jim,

It was great to meet both of you this morning at the CORRP meeting. Here is the information about the office space for rent in the American Mountaineering Center:

High quality office space is currently available for rent at the American Mountaineering Center in downtown Golden, Colorado. Join building owners Colorado Mountain Club and the American Alpine Club in the unique, historic building that boasts a 40-foot indoor climbing wall, 3,000 square feet of conference space, free parking, a 350-seat auditorium, and modern renovations. Attached is more information about the building.

Spaces available ? 2,400 square foot office space

Image via Wikipedia

2,500 square foot office space
3,500 square foot office space
350 square foot office
*Option to add spaces together or divide up to smaller space

Please contact Katie Blackett, CEO of the Colorado Mountain Club, (katieblackett or 303-996-2742) for more information. Any ideas on potential tenants would be most appreciated! Please be in touch directly with Katie Blackett.

Warm regards,

Sarah

Banff Mountain Film Festival World Tour-March 1 and 2, 2012 Traveling from remote landscapes and cultures to up close and personal with adrenaline-packed action sports, the 2012 World Tour is an exhilarating and provocative exploration of the mountain world. Proceeds benefit the Colorado Mountain Club. Get tickets at .

AMCLeasingBrochure_Feb2012.pdf

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Australian PM calls party vote as challenger rises (AP)

[unable to retrieve full-text content]AP - Prime Minister Julia Gillard put her job on the line Thursday, announcing a leadership ballot in hopes of quashing a comeback by Kevin Rudd, the colleague she ousted in a Labor Party coup nearly two years ago.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/asia/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120223/ap_on_re_as/as_australia_politics

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Summary Box: Target's muted holiday sales (AP)

[unable to retrieve full-text content]AP - HO-HUM HOLIDAY: Target Corp.'s fourth-quarter earnings fell 5.2 percent due to sluggish holiday sales.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/earnings/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120223/ap_on_bi_ge/us_earns_target_summary_box

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Man gets served on Facebook, literally

Being unceremoniously dumped online isn't the only indignation made easier by social networks. For the first time, lawyers in the UK have been granted permission to serve a legal suit via Facebook. Traditionally, documents must be delivered physically, be it in person, by post or even fax. But, in a pretrial for a commercial dispute, these old-fashioned methods proved fruitless. The prosecuting team then decided to check online, and noticed recent updates on defendant Fabio De Biase's profile. Satisfied it was currently active, they sought permission to send documents via the website, with Justice Nigel Teare duly obliging. Wondering what that noise is? That's the sound of millions of mice clicking on "privacy settings" all at once.

Man gets served on Facebook, literally originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 22 Feb 2012 16:38:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Creating Inexperienced House Real Estate Aids Not Just The ...

InchEnvironment friendlyInch is apparently with their the most up-to-date design of the day.

A trend that show up everything from the most recent cleaning up alternatives on the market on the new technology of sun paneled homes, how to make an environmentally friendly home is the central style and design systems employed by today?s designers.

Exactly what is the purpose behind building essential dwellings?

Essentially, eco-friendly power efficient dwellings give rise to explanation for salvaging our planet.

And contour economical aspect, setting up a eco-friendly home improvements the actual low cost of owning housing.

As an example, those people who reside in strength favorable dwellings would not have the need for the energy established-federal express (just like energy) that are meant for locals of not for-eco-friendly areas. And also, since the desire meble kolonialne these ammenities turns into decrease on account of eco-friendly local neighborhoods, the values decrease for anybody who still needs to depend on other means of their ability.

Additionally, produced costs for eco-friendly constructed dwellings will often be a lesser amount of than would be used a making something typical ? a fact this how to get a loan with bad credit eco-friendly households a better chance at determining for any building enable.

Another of eco-friendly home housing is that it provides ways to maintain your atmosphere so the incidents of damaging atmospheric situations are able at delaying. Ought to be simple fact, government research indicates whenever all buildings in the states observed the expectations established by eco-friendly engineering, the actual result has to be 10Per-cent reduction in the pollution levels that make around the world.

A tested 70Per-cent reducing of dzien kobiet from using eco-friendly materials for engineering can be a even more and also of recent eco-friendly dwellings.

This squander lowering is achievable simply because usually the types of materials utilized in eco-friendly favorable dwellings are recycled ? a procedure this has the luxury of helping minimize the total cost with the undertaking. And, eco-friendly dwellings are even more have the ability to enhance the benefits element simply because these sorts of properties have a longer life period than those dwellings created by not for-eco-friendly procedures.

What include the eco-friendly building techniques employed to move your home into an environmentally friendly house?

A simple strategy to get started on the road to setting up a eco-friendly home is with some types of timber when building the home?s flooring surfaces. One particular timber which fits the expectations of eco-friendly engineering is bamboo.

But not only is bamboo very long-lasting, nevertheless the amount from which it is able to replace on its own (concerning all 5 and a decade) can be a a lesser amount of length of time compared to 50 to one 100 years of readiness time on other wood decided on for flooring reasons.

The shows applied with this report and away from the home also change lives whether or perhaps not mentioned home may be referred to as Incheco-friendly.Inch

Shows with the not for-eco-friendly assortment have harmful mining harvests, chemicals and unsafe VOC?s (Volatile Organic Compounds) that are detrimental when puffed by those people doing the portray activity. Shows of this variety also make by-goods just like much more pollution and carbon dioxide that are combined with the climate.

Employing absolutely no or lower-VOC paint can be a eco-friendly building process that defends the habitants of the property as well as helping correct the surroundings simultaneously.

Minimal or absolutely no-VOC shows never retain the harmful toxins located in the shows with the recent, or do these sorts of shows dry up whilst still being continue to keep release their dangerous substances in to the air.

The method in which a garden is maintained is the one other being qualified element when it comes to if your home can be viewed as an environmentally friendly favorable house.

As an example, obtaining easy their hands for ones gardening wants (rather then obtaining products that operated with petrol or power) minimizes the skin tightening and pollution levels that escape in to the air, whilst providing an individual a little training simultaneously.

Raking and sweeping departs along with other garden waste rather then utilizing a leaf blower for the position is another strategy to use eco-friendly inside the backyard ? as leaf blowers work on petrol and for that reason release those people skin tightening and pollution levels that are best eliminated when possible.

Additionally, selecting to not ever rake the departs and instead with these to revolve around the garden?s vegetation is another way to generate a normal mulch ? and matching these departs with applied espresso coffee grounds will cause an very luxurious backyard to blossom.

Employing not for-harmful inorganic sprays to produce insect damage along with other family pets avoid your backyard is the one other strategy geared toward doing the surroundings an even more eco-friendly area to co-can be found. It can be as basic as inserting red wigglers and ladybugs in to the appearance to prevent these bugs apart.

And, contaminant-absolutely free inorganic sprays have the luxury of holding this type of water present in the better talk about, as there is no risk with the perform-aloof from dangerous gardening toxins contaminating this type of water if mentioned toxins are not in use.

Unique the actual materials used by engineering of the property or the resources for the purpose of your backyard, there are plenty of approaches to incorporate eco-friendly techniques to create a lot healthy area to co-can be found.

Source: http://www.screwthetaxpayer.com/creating-inexperienced-house-real-estate-aids-not-just-the-environment.html

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Cost-effective Online Business Internet Online site ... - CopyKat? CMS

When building a cost-effective Website for your home business, there are actually certain what you should don?t forget from a design standpoint that could do or die your internet web-site. Even when you will not plan to spend lots of money in your webpage, focusing on each of these issues you will the final method a thing of which you can be proud.

Allow me to share 5 tips for creating your corporation Web page, even inexepensively:

Tip #1: Make certain internet web page loads in five mere seconds or a smaller amount: Have you ever made an effort to view an Internet site only to discover that it requires 10 or 20 seconds in the future through to your tv screen? Unless it?s been suggested by way of a friend or maybe you get some other burning need to look at the site, you probably likely quit and progressed. The initial 5 seconds is very important in terms of the attention span of your visitor. In that period, you need your internet web pages to load but for the visitor so as to ?get? what your website is about. If it takes longer than this, your website visitors will exhaust patience leaving. Tip: in order to flaunt a long flash powerpoint presentation, try featuring it on the page other than your house page.

Tip #2: Limit the menu bar to 5 options: Your Web websites ought to be singular in purpose and focused to look at. If the website is attempting to be as much as possible to any or all people, it is going to end up being of worth to almost nobody. The simplicity while keeping your focus of the web site design is reflected with your routing and represented on the homepage by the menu options. If you believe your blog requires over five menu selections, develop ones sub-menus that are offered only following your user selects on the list of five main options.

Tip #3: Make clearly visible a call to action: Ever shopped with an IKEA? Their stores use a non-traditional layout that permits you to browse around freely but literally leads from one section to another, upon through to the multiple cash registers and food goodies expecting you at the end of on your path. Permit this to function as a model based on how to setup your online web site: on every page, you must ensure it is abundantly clear in your web site visitors just the thing it is basically that you would like them to accomplish. Are you wanting these phones contact you? Order your service? Add a comment on your Website? Anything, make this call to action very easy to spot both textually and graphically everywhere on the website.

Tip #4: Provide free and clear use of additional help options: You don?t wish to shed sales (or visits, or whatever your primary goal to your visitors maybe be) even if you neglected to give someone the ability to ask a question. Just as with your call to action, let them know to visitors that irrespective of where they are in your website they?re able to easily find support via phone, e-mail, live chitchat, call back again, user online community, or information repository. Tip: current the different options in the prioritized manner based upon anticipated user needs.

Tip #5: Display reliability amid some other elements of design: The look-and-feel of your internet site as a whole is very merely a mix of each one of its personal factors. Be aware of every in depth portion of your web site. Use correct colors and graphics, look closely at font size, make certain your online messaging is legible and is practical, make certain photos look crisp and desirable. Things that you would imagine are modest may from the basis for whether someone chooses to stay with your website or realize that of any competitor.

Regardless if you are developing your own webpage or employing a professional designer, pay attention to these items you may have a winning web site for the small enterprise, even within a strict budget.

Billy Noel of EkOnline continues to be saving small establishments coming from affordable web design more than Half-dozen years. Get your free of charge, no-hassle estimate here at web marketing companies (First time clients: point out discount code AT0045 to obtain a 10% price reduction).

Source: http://www.copykatcms.com/2012/02/cost-effective-online-business-internet-online-site-design-5-suggestions/

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Boldness Coming (TIME)

Share With Friends: | | Politics - Top Stories News, RSS Feeds and Widgets via Feedzilla.

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ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL: The Distorted Truth In Glitch

The Distorted Truth In Glitch
Random, Chaotic, Unexpected?and Unpredictable - ?Not Just '?adical'

Glitch is honest. It's raw. It's the visual shorthand for the digital underground. Menacing, uncomfortable and oddly macho-geek, It's also beautifully?inconsistent and a perfect foil for streamlined digital media?culture. Fashion re-appropriates, design manipulates and art creates. This is all part of the constant remixing of culture, perfect for the feedback loop of glitch.?Is glitch the last true art form or is it just a ghost in the machine? Perhaps our future depends on the kind of thinking being applied to the recycling of digital material and perhaps those working with the idea of?disruption will balance an increasingly owned?digital landscape. It's happening in reality...


'Forms of graphic 'distortion' are now common to the internet, perhaps complementary to the almost bathroom-like sterility of web standards, or to demonstrate the infinite shaping and reshaping of memes and visuals as part of an evolutionary process authored by everyone and no one.'?Metahaven

The Dirty New Media

?There are those who would say that glitch art is a form of resistance, not just a representation,? ?explains?Jon Cates, New Media professor at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago.?Chicago is a centre of glitch momentum in the US, if not the world and Cates is at the vanguard of it's discovery. ?Jason Scott, historian and archivist for Archive.org, has called our Chicago-based community the 'birthplace of dirty new media' and Rosa Menkman has written that we foreground glitch art in a way which has become a 'pivotal axis' of the international glitch scene? explains Cates. One way on engaging a global audience has been the recent birth of Uglitch an upload site based on the YouTube model. Site founder Benjamin Gaulon aka Recyclism explains the site's reference to YouTube and its users by saying? ?We are building a database of glitch GIFs that can then be used for new work by us and others, we are starting to see similar types of uploads [to YouTube] with? short edited film clips and the like to create glitches?.

'Having networks that facilitate the sharing and creation of images (Tumblr, dump.fm, and Google+) allow communities to form and build memetic value in a hyper-connected fashion. Information splicing with information.'?Travis Stearns?

The GIF file format has been around since the birth of the internet and is a natural means for carrying visual glitches. Designer Travis Stearns explains the attraction: ?their aesthetic is something digital natives are quite familiar with, but as an accessible art and communication medium they haven't been given much attention until this current point where democratisation of the tools for creating animations are universal and available to everyone. Having networks that facilitate the sharing and creation of images (Tumblr, dump.fm, and Google+) allow communities to form and build memetic value in a hyper-connected fashion. Information splicing with information.?

Style V Substance
'Many artists do see glitch as a tool for critiquing popular culture, but many see it simply as a nostalgic--8bit generation--aesthetic, others as digital psychedelia, others as a lens through which to?dissect language + linguistics, and others yet, as a purely structuralist/materialist practice.'?Nick Briz

?Over the past couple of years the visual glitch has become commodified. It's now just another filter in the designer's arsenal, at least as far as the gliche (glitch cliche) is concerned.? notes Ant Scott one of the first glitch VJ's now staunch artist under the name Beflix. The Glitch community is as fractured and distorted as the work it produces. GLI.TC/H the annual global new media festival that brings everything together. Nick Briz co-founder and co-organiser of the festival explains the diversity of the scene and the balance between commercial and 'punk ethos as?[It's] evident from all the debates that glitch.errz partake in glitch art for very different reasons. We had plenty of 'punks' present but we also had designers who work at ad agencies.?

So what of?the commercialisation of the genre? According to Briz this can be split up into two different concepts. One is the?commodification of genre, the other is it's?commercialisation.?

"Many glitch artists?believe?that glitch art can not become a genre, it defies codification in it's form" explains Briz, "That to combine the two words (glitch + art) and to imply that it's a genre or category is to undermine glitch's potential. They?believe?glitch is at it's best when it is random, chaotic,?unexpected?and unpredictable. While I appreciate this position and support the sentiment I do think it's a bit problematic and ultimately not true... of course glitch art is a genre, still it's important to address that such a debate is being had.?

'?I got pretty upset when Kanye West released his video "Welcome To Heartbreak" almost exactly three years ago. I thought it was the end of glitch art' Nick Briz

Next is it's commercialisation. I'm not a big fan of this word, it simplifies a complicated process with inescapably negative connotations. ?Rather, I think?popularisation?is a better term, it's a?slightly?more complex perspective. I got pretty upset when Kanye West released his video "Welcome To Heartbreak" almost exactly three years ago. I thought it was the end of glitch art. I had been making this kind of work for a few years, it was a complicated process and one I felt could only be executed with careful consideration of the material. I thought his video would be the end of such a process and the?beginning?of a commercialized?gimmick. And in some ways it was, datamoshing (the technique he "popularized" but by no means invented) got really "hot", and hundreds of shit videos got uploaded to youtube in its wake. At the same time it?transformed?a community of maybe a few dozen artists (that I knew of at least) into a few hundred artists."

It's not just Kayne West that's tipping the scale, more recently CK One wanted to shock and sniffed out glitch to add some?credibility?to their campaign...

Music and entertainment need not be pimped and perfumed. Andrew Benson teaches at the Design and Technology department at San Francisco Art Institute and works for a number of musicians including the masterfully awkward Aphex Twin.
??

Following a more mainstream alternative, a well travelled field of light artists working with musicians, Benson explains the glitch scene in San Francisco as ?The bay area has a really rich history of experimental non-narrative cinema. I ?hate to say it but I also think the popularity of dubstep has been really good for introducing kids to weird sounds, glitchy artefacts and getting them engaged.? ?Benson is at the top of his field, innovating live performance whilst handling engagement with a wider audience, manipulating and creating aesthetic.

The graphic design community manipulates the aesthetics of glitch, harking back to?halcyon days?Melvin Galapon is a UK-based designer who works on both commercial and artistic projects using glitch and dot matrix as an aesthetic basis for his work. He suggests ?there is a kind of movement where using glitches and dot matrix is retro-cool as the generation of people currently creating work come from an era where this was part and parcel of the technology we all part of"


We're comfortable looking at screens and connecting to networks that show nothing but beauty and an obsession with perfectionism. To this end, distortion is closer to the reality of our fractured,?temporal information society.' Travis Stearns

Explaining the relationship that designers have with glitch Travis Stearns explains "I relate distortion in the current context of the internet to punk communication art, particularly xerox flyers and zines. HD screens are hanging everywhere now. The new objects of desire, our smart phones and iPads, favor minimalism and vast white space. We're comfortable looking at screens and connecting to networks that show nothing but beauty and an obsession with perfectionism. To this end, distortion is closer to the reality of our fractured, temporal information society."

The Accidental Anarchists

Jennifer Daniel, designer for BBW explains ?I guess what I'm attracted to is how these visual interruptions create spatial correlations that have always existed but no one else saw. Being able to find something that no one else has articulated is what so many creative consciously try to do. And it turns out you don't even need to have a conscious to do it.?

Transparency

Speaking of the relevance to glitch and branding, Fontaine suggests ?glitch and disturbance makes a work or experience seem imperfect and?therefore more real. It's important that we mix the real and the virtual, blurring the boundaries - it's what people are used to now in these new hybrid realities we immerse ourselves in everyday.?

Transparency also has a political connotation and the self appointed bastion for this is the notorious Wikileaks organisation. Dutch design company Metahaven took on the job of fund raising for the organisation and produced a number of products including a scarf, complete with distorted Louis Vuitton graphics as well as mugs and T-Shirts. The work was recently featured in an exhibition at the Museum of The Image (formerly The Graphic Design Museum) in Breda, Netherlands.

Metahaven explain the link between graphic distortion and the Internet are linked by saying ?forms of graphic 'distortion' are now common to the Internet, perhaps complementary to the almost bathroom-like sterility of web standards. or to simply demonstrate the infinite shaping and reshaping of memes and visuals as part of an evolutionary process authored by everyone and no one.?
'...A whole new approach that combines today?s possibilities in technology, (neo)craft, social media and advertising to create a new world image' Dennis Elbers.

Dennis Elbers, curator at the Museum Of The Image explains the relevance of this ?Designers have the ability to make this world transparent. This is what we need opposed to hierarchy. And I'm not just talking about 'green annual reports' but a whole new approach that combines today?s possibilities in technology, (neo)craft, social media and advertising to create a new world image."

As for far reaching impact of glitch beyond graphics, Benjamin Gaulon aka Recyclism, has this to say: ?current technological design strategies, based on the notion of disposable devices and planned obsolescence, need to be challenged in order to find more sustainable models. By exploring other routes such as hardware hacking and recycling strategies of obsolete technology I believe we can to develop new sustainable models.??


Glitch is not disposable, it is the error of our digital ways if we think it is.?

Source: http://roberturquhart.blogspot.com/2012/02/distorted-truth-of-glitch.html

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Kit foxes make themselves at home within Bakersfield city limits

Like lovers in Paris, San Joaquin kit foxes will always have Bakersfield.

The rare little foxes come out mostly at night. They find fabulous food everywhere: chunks of cheeseburger from dumpsters, shreds of taco on windblown wrappers. And the accommodations: What can beat a cozy den in the student quarter ? specifically, beneath portable classrooms in the Panama-Buena Vista Union School District?

The 17,000-student district isn't crazy about the foxes, especially when about one-third of its 23 elementary and junior high schools have to deal with them on a regular basis. Administrators have offered a wildlife biologist $25,000 for a plan to manage the endangered species, which is literally, and uneasily, underfoot.

Mostly nocturnal, the achingly cute 5-pound critters sometimes emerge early in the morning or late in the afternoon. Their burrows can also house skunks and feral cats; officials say odors enter classrooms along with fleas.

Michael Brouse, the district's business manager, said nobody can recall "a student-kit fox encounter," but the animals can pose a problem. They leave copious droppings. They get tangled in soccer nets. And, to the chagrin of administrators, they love schools, with their wide-open campuses, brown-bag lunches, and strict adherence to environmental regulations.

"There's a certain amount of paranoia about what you can do legally," Brouse said. "You can't just shoo them away."

A few years ago, Brouse said, one of his district's principals told him about a fox plopping itself across a classroom doorway, briefly detaining both teacher and students.

"In essence, the kids were held hostage in the classroom until the kit fox decided to get up and go," Brouse said.

About the size of small house cats, the foxes are not aggressive but, according to school officials, can do more than their share of damage. Digging burrows in crawl spaces beneath portable classrooms, foxes last year created dirt piles that jammed up against the structures 2 feet overhead. In a couple of buildings, flooring rotted and had to be replaced.

Exactly what the Panama-Buena Vista district will do about its fox colonies is up in the air. With permits from environmental agencies, other schools have filled in inconvenient burrows and built artificial dens in out-of-the-way spots on campus. Some have placed one-way doors at den openings to ensure that foxes who get out, stay out.

A century ago, more than 12,000 of the foxes roamed the San Joaquin Valley. With much of the valley since given over to farming and oil extraction, the population has fallen to fewer than 3,000, scientists say. They've been a fixture on the federal endangered species list since 1967 ? yet as many as 400 make themselves at home in Bakersfield's golf courses, subdivisions and schools, especially those near the edge of town.

"At first, we thought they were displaced stragglers that would be pushed out or die off as development continued," said Bryan Cypher, a biologist with the Endangered Species Recovery Program at Cal State Stanislaus. "But they're doing surprisingly well in the urban area."

Coyotes, the foxes' chief enemy, aren't as numerous in the flat, open stretches of town as in places where thick brush and steep arroyos can shield them. That leaves a fox with many potential dens to choose from in Bakersfield. Besides schools, there are culverts, irrigation channels, power lines and hundreds of storm-water drainage basins.

Then there's the food: In the wild, the foxes subsist on kangaroo rats. In town, there's fast food galore, plus the kibble that fox lovers, over the objections of biologists, set outside for their nocturnal visitors.

"Bakersfield in the past hasn't necessarily been the most endangered-species-sympathetic area," Cypher said, "but many people enjoy having the foxes around."

For 10 years, Linda DeRose, a 71-year-old retired teacher, has watched foxes skitter around the portable classrooms at Stockdale Elementary School across from her house. "Everybody who sees them really likes them. They're really cute, they run real fast, they have big ears. It's amazing they're able to exist in such proximity to people."

It could help, she said, that her husband sometimes puts out cat food for the neighborhood strays, a meal that also goes down well with foxes. When workers at Stockdale erected barriers to keep foxes from re-entering their burrows last December, the animals "were running around the neighborhood like crazy," she said. "They were frantic."

Sometimes residents have alerted the city about street work putting foxes in harm's way. A few have dug into their pockets for the foxes; three years ago, an animal lover freed a kit fox dangling by its neck from the volleyball net at Independence School. She also paid $1,200 for the leg amputation the fox required. It was the year's sixth "entanglement," according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

At Cal State Bakersfield, officials ask biologists about possible harm to kit foxes before they schedule events at an outdoor amphitheater.

But proximity to well-meaning people may have its downside. A 2010 study found that Bakersfield foxes, while healthy, are fatter and have higher cholesterol than their country cousins. Researchers comparing the hair of local foxes with clippings from Bakersfield barbershops found chemical traces of the same foods.

Ted Murphy, a retired Cal State Bakersfield biology professor, has tracked the city's kit foxes for more than 40 years.

"I had a bunch of citizen-scientists who would call me whenever they came across one," he said. "It was a huge network."

Guards at an ice cream plant saw the same fox show up night after night. Little wonder, Murphy said; every night, the lucky fox was provided with chocolate-coated ice cream treats. At homes bordering a golf course, a fox would drop by patio after patio after sundown, drawn by residents who offered eggs, hot dogs, whatever was at hand. Murphy said he knew a pilot who was greeted by a fox each night he'd land at the local airport.

For a little while, Murphy, the founder of his school's Facility for Animal Care and Treatment, had a fox he'd walk on a leash.

"It's a hell of a lot easier for a fox to make a living in this town than in the dry grass," he said.

steve.chawkins@latimes.com

Source: http://feeds.latimes.com/~r/latimes/news/science/~3/pXGlW-Lqnw0/la-me-kit-fox-20120220,0,1687688.story

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Gaining A Greater Knowledge Of Joint Disease | New Health and ...

New Health And Fitness.Org - Health Information You Can Use

The definition of ?Arthritis? refers to in excess of a hundred types of diseases which unfortunately just about all cause soreness, stiffness, and swelling inside joints of afflicted people today. All joint disease problems involve some type of joint pain or the other. Nevertheless, the seriousness with the joint pain, the extent of the joint pain and degree of the joint pain varies from one sort of joint disease to another.

The two most widespread types of arthritis include Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis. Osteo arthritis is easily the most prevalent kind of arthritis, in which joint cartilage is destroyed. Sometimes of Osteoarthritis, the patient experiences bony outgrowth, also called bone spurs and even lose of cartilage particles.

Osteoarthritis has an effect on mostly aged people, from 55 years and older. That is why most men and women say it is an ?aged disease? in the joints. Osteoarthritis is mostly common in the hands, feet, spine, hips and knees of victims.

In rheumatoid arthritis, the patient experiences white blood cells inside the synovial membrane dividing, growing and multiplying. These create inflammation of the joint capsule and synovial membrane layer, lack of space in the synovial cavity, pain and stiffness in the joint. When there is no arthritis relief and treatment, this may result in cartilage destruction.

Besides these types of arthritis, a different type of arthritis that commonly affects people is ?Inflammatory Arthritis?. This kind of arthritis causes very severe soreness in the joints and also the tendons of the patients.

This is mostly characterized by the swelling and inflammation of the synovial membrane ? thereby causing severe pain and stiffness within the joints of the victims. Inflammatory arthritis helps make the joint look red and warm when touched. Arthritis relief for victims is critical to reduce the pain.

Arthritis relief is therefore extremely important, particularly in the countries like the USA where Arthritis is the main reason for physical disability. There are an estimated total number of 43 million Americans ? 16 percent of the population, being affected by one form of arthritis or the other.

It?s not only adults who need arthritis relief, but additionally children. In the United States, about 300,000 kids are afflicted by one type of arthritis associated disease or another. Children, being very susceptible to pain, require arthritis relief and treatment more than ever before. Unlike adults who can endure joint pains to a great degree, children cannot and therefore need arthritis relief as soon as the problem starts.

If you experience no arthritis relief and remedy, this can result in cartilage destruction. Osteoarthritis is mostly common in the hands, feet, spine, hips and knees of victims. Osteoporosis arthritis is easily the most common type of arthritis, in which joint cartilage is destroyed. Joint Vitamins

Source: http://newhealthandfitness.org/2012/02/18/gaining-a-greater-knowledge-of-joint-disease/

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(AP)

[unable to retrieve full-text content]AP - Italian film 'Cesar Must Die' wins Berlin film festival's Golden Bear top award.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/movies/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120218/ap_en_mo/eu_apnewsalert

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Free Press Release ? Structured Settlements or Lump Sum

If you are to receive a large sum of money from a company, you might have been offered a structured settlement. If so, there is nothing to worry about. In fact, unless you have precise plans for the use of such a large sum (such as buying a house), a structured settlement would actually work very well for all the parties involved in the settlement. Here?s how:

To start with, a structured settlement does not in any way reduce the amount of money you are to receive. The difference between outright payment of the entire lump sum and a structured settlement is that, in the latter case, the amount is divided into small but significant sums of money and is paid at regular intervals. The structured settlement payment might either be done by the company itself or, the company might invest the settlement amount in an Annuity plan with some financial structured settlement companies (such as an insurance or bank), which in turn will pay out the amounts.

The introduction of such third parties into the selling structured settlement isn?t anything to worry about in fact it ensures that the structured settlement is handled more professionally. The paying company often might not have the expertise in drafting a structured settlement document and then administering it. The introduction of third parties (known as ?Assignment Company?), therefore brings in an element of standardized professionalism to the deal. These Assigning companies are usually either banks or non-banking financial institutions such as Insurance companies. The Assignment Company will usually invest the money in long term government bonds or other forms of secured, long-term structured settlement investment and pay out the principle amount along with the interest in regular fixed amounts. The quantum and periodicity of such payments would naturally be dependent on the terms of the structured settlement.

Receiving regular fixed amounts enables you to plan ahead. You can plan your own or your child?s education. Or use the payouts to fund an existing mortgage on your house, etc. The cash structured settlement is always legally enforceable. So once the structured settlement documents are signed, they cannot be altered and will remain in force the entire duration of the structured settlement term. In case the structured settlement payment is stopped for any reason and so long as you have kept your side of the bargain, you are free to initiate legal action against the Assignment Company as well as the paying company, i.e. the second party in the settlement.

Since no one knows how the future is going to play out, in the event you find yourself in need of a large sum of cash, you can mortgage the structured settlement documents and receive a loan against it. There are also companies that will buy your structured settlement for cash. This buyer of structured settlement payments will pay the residual value of your settlement less service charges and commissions.

A structured settlement should therefore be viewed more as a sound financial investment that not only secures you the long-term benefit of regular income but in a pinch, it can be mortgage or sold for cash.

Check it out also for Buy structured settlement and Structured settlement funding

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Structured Settlements or Lump Sum

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All press release information on this site, is solely based on what our users submit. Free Press Release (FreePressRelease.eu) disclaims that any right and responsibility for the information go to the user who submit the press release. In case some press release violate your rights in any way, please contact us and we will remove it immediately. Disclaimer and Policy

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Alleged airport Rolex thief caught -- while wearing watch

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By Brian Hamacher, WTVJ

It was only a matter of time.

Authorities say they've arrested the man wanted for stealing a Rolex watch from a security checkpoint at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood Airport,?NBC Miami reports. ?

Igor Adrian Ramos, 37, was arrested at his Sunny Isles home Friday morning by Broward Sheriff's Office deputies, the BSO said.

When deputies knocked on his door, Ramos answered it wearing the $6,500 watch on his wrist, the Sheriff's Office said.

According to the Sheriff's Office, Gloria de Regalado had placed her belongings in the bin to get through the Terminal 3 checkpoint on Jan. 18, but didn't realize her Rolex was missing until she looked at her wrist to check the time 30 minutes later.

A review of the video showed the man behind de Regalado collect his belongings before quickly picking up the watch out of a bin and walking away from the checkpoint.

Though Ramos wasn't found in the terminal, authorities continued to look at surveillance video and were able to narrow down the options, the Sheriff's Office said.

That led them to Ramos, who they say boarded a plane to New York. According to the Sheriff's Office, Ramos travels between Florida and New York buying and selling cars.

Authorities say that are searching for a man who was caught on camera taking a woman's Rolex watch while in line at a security checkpoint at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport. Msnbc's Tamron Hall reports.

With his busy travel schedule, Ramos had no idea the video of him swiping the Rolex was on the news, the Sheriff's Office said.

Authorities said de Regalado was contacted and was happy to hear the suspect had been caught and she'd be getting her timepiece back.

Ramos was expected to be booked into the Broward main jail on a charge of grand theft.?

This story originally appeared on NBC Miami.

More on Overhead Bin

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Source: http://overheadbin.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/02/17/10436608-alleged-airport-rolex-thief-caught-while-wearing-watch

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$923,411: What Santorum Made in 2010, but Still Much Less than Romney (ContributorNetwork)

[unable to retrieve full-text content]ContributorNetwork - Politico reports Rick Santorum has released four years' worth of federal income tax returns. The news outlet posted all four returns as PDF files for anyone to examine from 2007 to 2010. It was noted that Santorum released four years of income tax data, more than competitors Mitt Romney and Newt Gingrich.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/personalfinance/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ac/20120217/pl_ac/10976220_923411_what_santorum_made_in_2010_but_still_much_less_than_romney

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easyjet travel insurance: News and Society Blog-Energy: Busting ...

Wednesday, 15 February 2012

There are misconceptions about solar power generation that ought to be obsolete but still persist to this day. One of these is the myth that says solar energy is feasible only in areas that enjoy plenty of sunshine. Another states that a home powered by solar panels will experience intermittent power interruptions depending on the weather.

Both are categorically false.

While it is true that location affects the cost-efficiency of solar power generation, it is also a widely known fact that solar technology works incredibly well almost anywhere around the world. As a rule of thumb, a larger solar power plant in less sunnier locations like Connecticut should generate the same output as that of a smaller plant in a location like New Mexico that enjoys a lot more sunlight. Places that are cloudy and rainy may somehow limit the stored energy harnessed by solar panels, but not significantly enough to make solar power plant installations prohibitive or downright unprofitable.

A good example is Germany. Located in Northern Europe, a substantial portion of the country experiences a continental climate wherein winters can be harsh and days rather cloudy. In spite of not having plenty of sunshine, however, Germany still ranks as the largest solar power ecosystem in the world and is now remarkably profiting from its energy policies that gave the country an early head start on the now lucrative market for renewable energy. Now that should altogether crush the misconception that you need tons of sunlight for solar power generation to be feasible.

On the contrary, consistent findings in different experimental studies indicate that solar panels constructed in sunnier locations may actually experience periods of low efficiency as temperatures rise above 42

Source: http://newsandsocietyblog-energy.blogspot.com/2012/02/busting-myths-about-solar-power.html

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Source: http://easyjet-travel-insurance.blogspot.com/2012/02/news-and-society-blog-energy-busting.html

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Tags: Energy, solar power generation, solar power plant

The entry 'easyjet travel insurance: News and Society Blog-Energy: Busting ?' was posted on February 15th, 2012 at 9:00 pm and is filed under simple. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.

Source: http://funvacationstoddlers.humanity-bg.com/457/easyjet-travel-insurance-news-and-society-blog-energy-busting/

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Source: http://rukuuoni.posterous.com/easyjet-travel-insurance-news-and-society-blo

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The Causes of Stability and Unrest in the Middle East and North Africa: An Analytic Survey

We have updated and greatly expanded our analysis of the metrics that can cause political instability and unrest in the Gulf and Middle East.

This report is entitled? ?The Causes of Stability and Unrest in the Middle East and North Africa: An Analytic Survey? and is available on the CSIS web site at: http://csis.org/files/publication/120213_MENA_Stability.pdf

The report focuses on underlying forces and causes at a time when political crisis -- and serious security issues -- dominate the region.? These political dynamics and unrest are, however, only part of the story.

The trends in demographics, economics, internal security and justice systems, governance, and social change show how much other factors affect both the region and individual nations, and will remain sources of violence and instability until they are dealt with. They show how basic data on the size of given economies, per capita incomes, populations, and population growth rates also contribute to instability. Finally, they illustrate the critical role of governance, social change, and justice systems in shaping and dealing with each nation?s problems.

The Contents of the Analysis

The analysis is divided into eleven main sections covering every state in the Middle East and North Africa:
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• Setting the Stage - I: Comparisons? Between regions
• Setting the Stage - II: The Critical Importance of National Differences and the Problem of Perceptions
• Population Growth: Demographics Threaten the Stability of Virtually Every MENA State
• Human Economics, Not Macroeconomics, Drive Instability: Low per capita incomes in most states. Very poor income distribution, and serious ? if uncertain ? poverty levels
• The Illusion of Regional Oil Wealth: Most petroleum exporting countries end up as rentier states with distort economies, limited job creation, and limited per capita income
• Like Poverty, Food Supply and Costs Are a Serious Issue and Key Cause of Instability: Some estimates indicate the region has an exceptionally high spending on food as a percent of total income
• Ethnic, Sectarian, and Tribal Differences: ?Clash Within A Civilization?: Not a ?clash between civilizations,? but an Arab and Islamic world torn by internal ideological conflicts and power struggles
• Rapid Social Change and Uncertainty and Risk: Past social norms, social stability, status, roles, and leadership elites replaced by constant change in unstable and often socially anonymous conditions
• Excessive Security, Weak Rule of Law, and Sometimes Repression: Failures threaten stability and often the regime as much as the people
• Problems in Governance ? I Corruption, Inefficient State Sectors, Barriers to Business and Growth: Over-dependence on non-competitive state industries, government jobs for employment, mixed with corruption and barriers to private sector growth and job creation
• Problems in Governance ? II Uncertain Provision of Key Services: Problems in funding education, health, water, refuse removal, housing, and mixed use of subsidies and barriers.

The Need for Far Better Data, Planning, and Analysis

This briefing serves another purpose as well: it illustrates the severe limits to the availability and quality of the data on many key aspects of stability. As such, it is often a warning that countries, intelligence experts, members of international institutions, NGOs, and area experts need to do a far better job of developing basic data on the causes of instability.

The charts and tables show just how many variations exist in basic data on factors such as the size of given economies, per capita incomes, populations, and population growth rates. They include comparisons of efforts to provide summary scores on factors including governance and justice systems. Some of these comparisons speak for themselves in showing how untrustworthy such systems area a substitute for looking at the details of how given countries do or do not meet given challenges.

They show that far better data are needed in key areas like unemployment and underemployment, income distribution, the efficiency of the state sector, barriers to growth and economic development, the size and function security forces and police, and quality of governance.

Some key societal factors affecting a remarkably young population remain unmeasured. These include factors such as access to meaningful, job-related education, the cost of marriage, substantive employment leading to real careers and income to marry, dependence on the state sector, career options for young women, social mobility and status, and the belief that government and social order offer dignity and justice while being free enough of corruption and favoritism to create loyalty and hope.

The figures in this briefing also reflect the fact that there are few reliable qualitative data on key government services such as education, housing, medical services, water and refuse removal, and infrastructure. The data on corruption and rule of law do not begin to reflect the degree to which given elements of MENA populations are angry at their governments, furious about their living conditions, and identify the political and social framework as unjust.

Furthermore, the data that are available shows that there is a need for far better efforts at statistical standardization, for transparency, for added data on critical aspects of stability, and for accepting the sheer complexity of the various forces at work.

Finally, it is clear that metrics and analyses that do not include survey data on popular perceptions of the quality of all the factors involved, and which ignore the country-by-country causes of popular discontent and anger, have only limited value.

Polls can be a key tool in supplementing the metrics provided in this briefing, but they are often lacking ? or unreliable ? in measuring key areas of popular perceptions of the causes of instability.

The Near Certainty of Regime Change Cannot Bring Near Term Stability

That said, it should be stressed that many of the metrics presented in the briefing do illustrate the conditions that have made popular unrest so great, and show why many of the peoples in the MENA region have reason to distrust their governments.?

There are no reliable ways to provide exact measurements of the quality of governance and the justice system, but the briefing shows that indicators that are available on the quality of governance show that ?corruption? is only part of a much broader pattern of gross inefficiency, favoritism and nepotism, and indifference to popular needs that has built up over decades.

The demographic and economic data reveal patterns of population growth and other trends that make any quick solutions or improvements difficult to impossible.? In the cases of far too many countries, problems such as the need for jobs on the part of the region?s youth are, in and of themselves, certain to put extreme stress on their governments for a decade or more to come.

In such cases, governments may become more ?legitimate? in the way they are chosen and in their reduced reliance on repression. They will not, however, be able to build legitimacy by successfully treating the underlying causes of unrest for years to come, and therefore political change alone offers little hope of future stability.

A Decade, Not a ?Spring?

Finally, the broader patterns the emerge from the entire set of indicators warn that that the ?Arab Spring? is likely to involve a decade of more of political, economic, and social unrest. The causes of unrest are deep, complex, and involve structural problems in governance, demographics, and economics. None can be solved in a few months or years. Even the most successful nations ? and the briefing shows that such nations clearly exist ? still face major challenges over the next decade. Others must fight their way out of problems that have brought them close to the edge of becoming ?failed states.?

Most MENA states lack modern and effective political parties and pluralistic structures, and only the monarchies have a history of traditional political legitimacy. In many cases, there as yet is no clear base for representative government, no experience with political compromise and making elections work, and no pattern of effective governance combined with economic progress and social evolution to build upon.

Ethnic and religious issues often cut deep and have been repressed for decades. Justice systems are weak and/or corrupt, religious extremism challenges necessary social and economic change, and the security forces are often an equal or more serious problem.

The US and the West may still think in terms of rapid, stable democratic change. None of the proper conditions for such exist in many states, and careful political evolution is the only road to stability in the others. History warns that far too many revolutions in the West ?ate their young? and the hopes of those who caused them. The ?European spring? of 1848, for example, produced continuing instability through 1914 ? when new crises led to still greater problems.

There will be Arab successes, particularly with proper support and help from neighboring Arab states and the outside world.? But sudden successes are unlikely and even the best regimes face major challenges where it will take years for them to meet popular hopes and expectations.
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Source: http://csis.org/publication/causes-stability-and-unrest-middle-east-and-north-africa-analytic-survey

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Internet and Online Business ? Home Business Opportunity ...

Published by witter | February 15, 2012 | | 5

Whether you are simply looking to augment whatever income you already make or for one that can replace your day job altogether, one great home business opportunity ? YourNetBiz is perfect for you. The company started out as ?My Internet Business?, the change from the old name coincides with dramatic improvements both in terms of business strategies and the various software and other implements for making the enterprise grow. Understandably enough, many people are wary of internet businesses and most are of the opinion that online entrepreneurship cannot sustain a person let alone an entire nuclear family. On the contrary, internet and Online business can be a real and substantive source of income if you have the right tools and proper training.

YourNetBiz is a unique system. It is a home business opportunity that is complete in itself. It is a program that affords its patrons what they need to start and maintain an online business and, in addition, guides them through every step.

It offers four different classifications or ?packages? as well as a hierarchy in terms of membership. This allows you to choose what type of business you want or which market niches to take advantage of as well as determine your level of commitment to the program, which inevitable determines the amount of time and effort that you will need to, put in.

The hierarchy of the levels of membership is a very useful motivational tool. The last or topmost level is one wherein you will have access to all the products and niches. This way, there is an additional incentive for the online entrepreneurs to get more involved and exert more efforts in their online businesses. YourNetBiz, plays on the competitive nature of people and makes it work for their advantage.

Another benefit of the taking advantage of the home business opportunity offered by YourNetBiz is that you will not only earn with your capital and direct efforts, there will also be other indirect profits that will accrue to your account. You will not only earn from the actual transactions you make but also as well as from the transactions from your team. Team leaders get a certain percentage from the sales that the other members of the team will earn.

By far, the most useful thing about this particular home business opportunity is the training. Here you will not merely be required to invest. You will invest and will be taught on how to make that investment grows. There are several training sessions and materials that you may complete at your convenience as well as a prompt support team to help you whenever you get lost.

Source: http://www.1directory.net/internet-and-businesses-online/internet-and-online-business-home-business-opportunity-yournetbiz-is-your-business-4742.html

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Did Life's First Cells Evolve in Geothermal Pools?

News | Evolution

Based on some fundamental characteristics of cellular proteins, a team of scientists speculates that the last common ancestor of life on Earth got its start in the planet's natural hot tubs

By David Biello ?| February 15, 2012?|

HATCHERIES: A group of scientists proposes the pools formed form vented geothermal steam, pictured here, may have provided the perfect environment for life's early cells. Image: Courtesy of National Park Service

Earth started as a violent place, its surface churned by continuous volcanic eruptions and cloaked in an atmosphere that would have been poisonous to today's life-forms. Furthermore, the thin primeval atmosphere may have provided only scant protection from the young sun's harsh ultraviolet glare. Given these inhospitable conditions, scientists have long wondered: How did the first cells come to be nearly four billion years ago?

Conventional scientific wisdom holds that life arose in the sea. But a new study suggests that the first cells?or at least the ones that left descendants still extant?got their start in geothermal pools, like those seen at Yellowstone National Park and other geologic hot spots today. The argument rests on one indisputable observation?enzymes common to all archaea and bacteria are built from potassium, phosphorus or zinc, not sodium.

Some biologists suspect that the membranes of early life-forms were not yet the tight coverings that they are today, and would have instead let small molecules and ions flow in and out freely. If life arose in the salty sea, then the first cells and their living relatives might be expected to have enzymes built from abundant sodium?or at least tolerate more sodium internally. That modern archaea and bacteria instead possess internal fluid low in sodium, and enzymes built from other elements hints that they arose in an environment both rich in such elements as well as relatively sodium-free. "If the very first membranes were leaky for small molecules and ions, then the interior of the first cells should have been in equilibrium with their surroundings," explains biophysicist Armen Mulkidjanian of the University of Osnabr?ck in Germany, lead author of the paper presenting the hypothesis published online February 13 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "By reconstructing the inorganic chemistry of the cytoplasm, it might be possible to reconstruct the habitats where the first cells could dwell."

The team noted that most modern cells maintain a high ratio of potassium ions to sodium ions. "We looked all over the place for the conditions and processes that would lead to [potassium] enrichment," Mulkidjanian says. The only such places extant today are so-called "vapor-dominated" geothermal systems?locales where water, heated deep within Earth until it becomes steam, reaches the surface, cools and condenses back to elementally enriched liquid pools. Condensed geothermal steam in these pools can have ratios of potassium to sodium ions as high as 75 to 1, and are rich in the other elements of life that have been leached from rock by the hot water. Thus, Mulkidjanian and his colleagues argue that they may have been the "hatcheries" of the first cells.

The argument matches a perhaps prescient suggestion from Charles Darwin in an 1871 letter: "But if (and oh what a big if) we could conceive in some warm little pond with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, light, heat, electricity, etcetera present that a protein compound was chemically formed, ready to undergo still more complex changes." Nobel laureate and geneticist Jack Szostak of Harvard University has also argued that the first cells probably had leaky membranes and that early oceans were not a favorable environment for the origin of life.

Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=50821b23db5273f98600b30008145f72

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